Love like a meteor

 If you are afraid of losing is not afraid of hard to pay

fall is if you are still not happy hard

If confusion is the beginning or the end of the bitter

If the pursuit of This is a bitter
strong or stubborn

if the separation is hard to whom you want bitter complaints
If commitment is not hard to reveal

truth is bitter if silly
Is this a mistake
love love is a bitter
if the truth of the world where it is always later
see a lot of things but I could not find
come to the road
many things do not feel bitter
was even hard I think I do not care

There is a love that, even love, but Expression is not perfect. There is a love , knowing that to give up, but not willing to leave. There is a love , which is clearly suffering, but could not escape . There is a love , knowing that without the road , the heart has long been retrieved ..........
lot of love in this world is like fireworks, after a brilliant Only silence. This world there are many stories like meteors , meteor across the night sky in the most beautiful when it is a beautiful moment , leaving a permanent memory.
love most true love like a meteor ! The most beautiful and embracing the moment , better than life, no matter how short this love , the love of people, is a fortune , it is worth a lifetime to treasure and unforgettable ! True love forever will never forget ............

7 days a woman to eat the skin so rosy

 Days a woman so your skin rosy
eat the first day : pig soup
focus: to increase the flexibility of
pig skin is rich in pectin, a daily intake of 5000mg of collagen protein continued to increase skin Elasticity, reduce fine lines , skin look younger.


Day : kiwi salad
focus: to help the skin detoxification
fruits rich in vitamins , eat more fruit can help detoxify the skin , while the kiwi has a high Content of vitamin C, can interfere with melanin production , helping to eliminate dull skin , skin brighter.


day: milk
focus: to increase the degree of skin smooth milk rich in vitamin C and
E, consumption of soy milk a day can increase the degree of skin smooth and To improve the scar.


Day : bean soup
focus: Since ancient times, is the row of red beans edema
health products saint , not only can row edema , but also the blood line of gas , even if not on your cheek Can also have a rosy red apple face !


fifth day : Red Tang Gao
Key : accelerate the metabolic rate of brown sugar and white
skin in Japan is regarded as holy items, it contains Amino acids and trace elements can help detoxify the skin , acne and acne accelerating metabolic rate , skin whitening .


DAY : Honey jujube tea
focus: to make the skin shiny
delicate honey contains a lot of easily absorbed amino acids, vitamins and carbohydrates , can have delicate skin Shiny , red dates, the function of beauty with blood , can improve the situation of winter, cold hands and feet .
seventh day : APF key whitening milk porridge with milk, moisturizing the skin
barley , allowing the skin whitening effect is more prominent. Milk moisturizing the skin, APF help row edema.

Q & A basic knowledge of cars !

 Car's basic structure consists of those parts?
A: The basic structure of commonly used vehicles are composed of four parts, the four parts are: engine, chassis and electrical equipment, part of the body.

2. four gasoline engines range of a few parts from that?
A: The four-stroke gasoline engine from the body, connecting rod, valve cooling system, lubrication system, fuel system and ignition system (diesel engine without ignition system) and so on.

3. four-stroke gasoline engine is the cycle of how to work?
A: The process comprises the work of the engine intake, compression, work, and exhaust the four processes. This four-stroke engine is the piston moving up and down the four process completed within the four stroke. Intake stroke: the intake valve open, exhaust valve are closed. With the Pistons down from TDC TDC Mobile, the volume above the piston increases, the cylinder pressure is reduced, resulting in a vacuum suction. Natural gas mixture can be inhaled into the cylinder. Compression stroke: intake valve, exhaust valve are closed, the piston ended up dead from the point of the next move, the mixed gas pressure to the combustion chamber. Workmanship stroke: the end of compression, the intake valve, exhaust valve remains closed, sent spark plug spark, ignited combustible mixture, violent expansion of gases after combustion, resulting in tremendous pressure on the piston down quickly, the push rod crankshaft rotation workmanship. Exhaust stroke: exhaust valve opens, the intake valve closes, the piston up from the bottom dead center TDC Mobile, the exhaust excluded.

4. the body and the role of connecting rod and main components have?
A: The body and the role of Crank: fuel combustion in the cylinder gas pressure acting on the piston top, with the connecting rod into the crankshaft torque, so that the work of the crankshaft driven mechanical work, body and crank the main parts are the cylinder block, cylinder head, piston, connecting rod, crank, flywheel and so on.

5. that the role of Valve and composition?
A: The role of Valve needed, the timely opening and closing intake and exhaust doors, timely introduction of the flammable gas cylinders and exhaust emissions. At the same time, drive distributor, fuel pump and other mechanical work. Valve main components include: intake valve, exhaust valve, mechanical parts such as camshaft drive.

6. that the role of cooling system-level components?
A: The cooling system is used: the high-temperature mechanical heat dispersion into the atmosphere to go in order to keep the engine at normal temperatures. General water cooling system the water from the engine cover, water pump, radiator, fan, thermostat, water temperature switches and other mechanical components and turn on the water.

7. What is the engine temperature normal? How to control the water temperature?
A: The water-cooled engine normal operating temperature should be 80-90 degrees. The engine temperature to liberate CA10B cars, for example, according to the temperature of the engine and pull (ie, open) or introduced (ie, opening and closing) shutters cab joystick to change the amount of air into the radiator, to adjust the engine temperature.

8. What is the role of lubricating oil?
A: The role of lubricants: lubrication of the friction parts, reduce friction, reduce power consumption. Cooling: oil circulation can be friction tropical away. Lower parts of the temperature. Cleaning action: to wash away impurities on the surface of parts to reduce wear and tear. Seal: In between the piston and cylinder wall oil, increase the tightness.

9. How to check the oil level of engine oil?
A: Check the oil sump oil level should be the car park in the relatively flat areas, the engine stops running, and so little time, put the oil-foot pull, wipe oil on the surface, and then inserted from the mouth of the oil-foot tube in the end, to determine the amount of oil.

10. to say the normal gasoline and diesel oil pressure?
A: In the cab on the dashboard oil pressure gauge observed: the normal gasoline engine oil pressure 200-500 kPa; diesel engines for the 600-1000 kPa.

11. carburetor, which has several devices? What is the role?
A: The structure of the carburetor can be divided into five devices: A: The starter; idle devices; medium load device; full load device; acceleration. The role of the carburetor: engine in different situations according to the needs of the gasification gas, and by a certain percentage of air mixed into combustible mixture. Amount of time into the cylinder.

12. diaphragm air pumps How does it work?
A: Range: When the eccentric cam rotates top arm pumping action. Down the pump membrane, the spring is compressed, then the top of the pump membrane volume increases, pressure is reduced, resulting in suction, resorted to the oil valve is closed, gasoline from the tank by the fuel filter inlet valve into the pump room. Send oil: cam continues to rotate, after the eccentric rotation of the spring arm to push back the oil, the pump will pump membrane into the membrane spring above the gasoline pump indoor flash begins with the oil pressure to the carburetor float chamber.

13. What are the main drive components by the? What does it do?
A: The main transmission clutch, transmission (and sub-drive), drive shaft, universal joints, gear, differential, axle and other components. The role of transmission: The engine output power to pass the drive wheels, drive the vehicle.

14. What is the role of clutch?
A: The clutch is the role of engine power and transmission with smooth or temporarily separated, so that the car driver to start, stop, shift and other operations.

15. gearbox role?
A: The car driving resistance for change, change the wheel to reverse, and speed. The vehicle forward or backward. Gap, the interrupt power transmission, the engine operation and vehicle movement out.

16. differential role?
A: When the car turning a corner, on both sides of the vehicle at the same time walking distance within the range, within the outer wheel to move a large distance, so the differential cross-axis by the planetary gear wheel resistance. Revolution generated in the rotation at the same time, automatically increased the outside wheel speed, wheel speed up the outer, inner differential effect of slowing the sky. Exercise in a straight line. Differential does not work.

17. tires in use for which inspection should pay attention to?
A: Check the tire wear, tire wear off even if the braking effect will be reduced (and the road surface friction is reduced Suleyman), the longer the braking distance, high speed easy to burst Such tires should be replaced. Tire pressure is low or the left and right sides of the tire pressure is uneven, the time difference will cause the braking effect, steering difficulties or turning heavy, but also reduces the tire life. Carrying capacity, the above consequences more serious. Therefore, timely tire pressure should be less than inflation. Around the wheel should choose the same specifications, models of tires, wear should be the same. Otherwise, it will affect the dynamic performance of the vehicle steering mechanism. Check tire ground plane without fracture, injury or tread on the availability of foreign objects (such as nails), the two rear wheels at a stone when caught, must be promptly removed.

18. What are the components from the steering system? Is how to shift?
A: The steering system generally steering control mechanism, steering gear and steering bodies of three parts. When you turn the steering wheel, steering shaft and worm with this rotation, scrolling up and down with the Worm, so that steering arm swing to promote the direct lever back and forth. So turn off the main section to turn to the center, front-wheel drive side of the deflection, to control vehicle steering purposes.

19. What is wheel alignment? Include?
A: In order to make the car stable straight, turning light, reducing vehicle in the exercise of the tire wear and steering parts, front wheel kingpin steering, front axle between the three The installation has a certain relative position, which is called It includes the front wheel camber, front wheel before the swift, steering knuckle kingpin inclination and tilt steering knuckle after the primary school.

20. What is the role hand brake?
A: The hand brake is a car park that is not to slippery when, in exceptional circumstances, urgent action with the foot brake or foot brake failure times used.

21. pneumatic braking device consists of what components? How does it work?
A: The brake pedal by the pneumatic brake equipment, air compressor, pressure gauge, brake method, the brake chamber, wheel brakes, brake lines and other components. When the brake pedal, the brake cylinder to brake open the chamber channel, so gas cylinder of compressed air into the brake chamber by the brake, the transmission components, brake shoes to promote open to pressure brake drum tight, so that the wheels have brake.

22. hydraulic braking system which components? How does it work?
A: The hydraulic braking system from the brake pedal, brake master cylinder, brake wheel cylinders, brake wheel, brake roll, piping and other components. When the brake pedal is depressed, the master cylinder piston push to move forward. To produce cylinder brake fluid pressure to push the oil through the tubing of the brake wheel cylinders. Then open the outside wheel cylinder piston, push the brake shoes and brake drum contacts, resulting in brake.

23. accumulator What role?
A: The role of the battery power supply of engines, engine. Low-speed operation of the engine, engine power is insufficient work to the lighting, sound equipment, ignition systems and power; when the engine speed operation. Generator is sufficient, store excess energy. Battery charge and discharge conditions can ammeter display.

24. how to use and maintenance of batteries?
A: clean, remove dust, dirt and oxides in a timely manner. Column line and the battery then the battery is securely installed. Battery fluid should be higher than the level on electric guitar, do 10-15 mm. Lack of timely and should be added. The proportion of regular checks of the electrolyte. Should generally be maintained at between 1.220-1.260. Avoid vigorous discharge, such as the use starting time not too long and so on.

25. What role ignition system?
A: The ignition system's role: is to the bottom of the battery or generator output coils into a high-voltage piezoelectric fire spots, and then from the distributor acting by order of the engine cylinder, in turn cause flash over with the spark plugs, igniting combustible mixture, the engine is running.

26. What is the role breaker?
A: The break is the role of gas on and off low-voltage circuit, the pilot fires the coil high voltage current.

27. What are the main light car?
A: headlamp (including the high beam and low beam), front position lamps, rear position lamps, license lights, instrument lights, turn signals, brake lights, hazard lights, reversing lights, front fog lamps and so on.

28. What is the routine maintenance of the vehicle? Why does the driver routine maintenance of vehicles to do well?
A: Regular maintenance is the driver before moving, moving, closing car inspection, cleaning, fastening added effect. Departments of motor vehicles are changing at any time. Parking also occurs when the failure of parts or damage. If unable to detect and exclude these serious faults, directly related to traffic safety, engine life and fuel, lubricating oil consumption. Therefore, we must carefully work out the maintenance work.

29. What should be checked before moving off the main item?
A: The driver check before moving items: oil volume, the amount of fuel, cooling water, hands, feet, brakes, horn sound, lighting, hanging water heater, turn equipment, instruments, tire pressure, tire nuts and so on.

30. traffic in the main items which should be checked?
A: The car driving, the driver should check: A: The vehicle instrument panel to view the work of all kinds. Check steering system work properly. Check the hand, foot brake effect is normal. Check the engine and chassis are in operation in the same sound and unusual odor. Use of stop time (the average car traveling about 50 kilometers) to do the inspection the following items: hand-touch front and rear wheel brake drum measuring whether overheating. Check the tires, fastening nut, clear increases in the tire tread debris. Check for oil spills, air and water leakage phenomenon. Check whether there are broken leaf springs, drive shaft connecting bolts are loose. Check the banding of the goods and so on.

31. closing after the vehicle inspection and maintenance which should be the main item?
A: Check and add fuel, run of the fuel. Clean vehicles, the external and engine, chassis. In the winter season, such as the cooling system antifreeze is not added, they should switch to the radiator cap and drain, drainage of the engine switches are open, the cooling water, exhausted, and started to do short time, drain the water to avoid residue cracking water cylinder, radiator, air brake cylinder vehicle should be exhausted in the sewage. Remove from heat and turn off the switches and tighten the hand brake, to see whether the leakage phenomenon ammeter (a pointer to the Check the horn, lights, wipers. Check whether the leaf spring break, spring hanger, horse bolts are loose. Check the axle and tire nuts, to see a non-destructive split steel ring. Check whether the injury cracking and loss of tire air.

32. vehicle level maintenance requirements?
A: a maintenance operation is completed, should reach truck neat, reliable connection, three filter smooth, no oil spills, watertight, airtight, no leakage.

33. vehicle a clean operation and maintenance projects have?
A: The maintenance and cleaning operations items: A: clean body and clean the engine, chassis parts. Cleaning, maintenance, air filter, clean fuel filter, oil filter in the release of sediments, turning the handle 3-4 ring filter, clean oil filter, replace the filter according to the degree of pollution. Release of oil and water cylinder sediments.

34. vehicles, a maintenance operation project which lubrication?
A: The maintenance of lubrication operating items: A: Check engine, transmission, rear axle, steering gear oil in the plane, according to regulations applying lubricant. Nozzle equipped vehicle parts, effective and required filling (water pump, shaft and universal joints, steering knuckle, steering rod, etc.) grease.

35. vehicle fastening operations a maintenance inspection program have?
A: Check the fastening operation and maintenance projects: A: Check the steering gear, tie rod, rod system, fastening the steering arm connection. Check and adjust the air compressor, engine and fan belt tightness and fixed the situation. Check brake method, whether the brake pipes leak, check the hydraulic brake master cylinder brake fluid level, add brake fluid as required. Check and adjust the clutch pedal, brake pedal free travel, check the brake pedal shaft and cotter pin fixation is intact and reliable. Check and tighten all parts of the whole car, bolted. Check the tire pressure and check the tire without damage. Check the battery case, and clear the small cap vent, make up the electrolyte. Check the lights, line, wiper switch is complete in good condition. Speaker volume tone is normal, whether the work of a variety of instruments well.

36. Engine Oil Road often prone to failure have?
A: gas oil machine is generally a common fault block oil leakage, the bad, three. Recurring faults: the tank bottom switch is not turned on or dirty fuel tank, tubing plug or fuel oil-free. Carburetor fuel filter or filter plug into the pipe or tubing joints loose joints, rupture and spill port A pair of speakers. Fuel pump failure or oil produced in air resistance. Carburetor's main oil path block or triangular instead of needle stuck into the oil.

37. briefly how to check whether the carburetor to the oil pipeline?
A: Remove the carburetor connection tubing, hand pump oil pump pulled the handle or hand-crank starter turn the engine observation.

38. How to adjust idle speed?
A: The engine idle speed adjustment method: unstable idle when the engine should the engine temperature is normal, oil, and the circuit adjusted without fault. With a screwdriver (commonly known as screwdriver) slowly release throttle adjustment screw, is about to turn off when the screw a little bit in order to maintain the engine running. Adjust the idle mixture adjustment screw. The engine to speed. (3) spin out again to adjust the valve opening to achieve the idle speed is stable, not only speed up the flame up.

39. how to use the driver off the fire each cylinder test engine work?
A: a cylinder with a screwdriver after ignition off, no change when the engine is running, you can finds that the cylinder work or bad.

40. ignition system which often prone to failure?
A: Gasoline ignition system fault is generally: low-voltage circuit, low short-circuit, high pressure fire weak, ignition confusion, when the ignition timing is not correct and so on.

41. How to check the circuit breaker contact gap?
A: The contact points separate electrical power have a certain gap. If the gap is too small, arcing contacts are susceptible to erosion; if the gap is too small, the contact closure time is short, to reduce low-voltage current through the generator high-speed rotation, prone to fire off phenomenon, the general gap of 0.35-0.45 mm. Adjustment, remove the distributor and the distributor rotor, turn the crank resorted to power fully open, loosen the screw contacts, adjust the eccentric screw, with the thickness measurement to achieve the required regulatory clearance, and then fixed the fixed contacts Tighten screws.

42. How to check the ignition coil is good or bad?
A: Check the ignition coil: A: Remove the distributor of convergence pressure head, turn the ignition switch, touch the ground connection scheme, if the spark of good, then prove that the previous low-voltage electrical appliances into the sub- circuit trouble-free. The distributor cap pulled power lines within the central jack, so that it ends close to the cylinder head 7-8 mm, and arm contact with the driver pulled up to make contacts open, close together. At this point, the central high-voltage wire ends have strong high-pressure spark, if no spark or weak high pressure, indicating that the ignition coil failure or failure of the capacitor and so on.

43. How to check the distributor, distributor rotor is good or bad?
A: The distributor cap check: Check whether the distributor cover cracks with high-pressure spark check. Remove the distributor in one hand and all the high-voltage lines, provided it ends in a 3-4 mm cylinder, turn the ignition switch contacts with a screwdriver toggle arm, the contacts open, closed. If high-voltage spark from a sub-line ends in a skip, then cover the electrical appliances were damaged. Attempting the check points: the distributor rotor upside down, on the cylinder head, then covered with a distributor cap central pressure appears to ends, from the distributor rotor ignition hole about 7-8 mm. If the distributor rotor good insulation, high voltage spark will not skip, and vice versa, said distributor rotor has been damaged.

44. How to check the capacitor is good or bad?
A: Check the capacitors: the working poor or failure of the capacitor, high voltage spark will weaken, often burned off decorative touch, the check is: Remove the distributor cap the central high-voltage lines , 5-7 mm away from the cylinder, turn the ignition switch, toggle breakpoints contacts look flash over situation of high pressure, then remove the capacitor thread, look at high-voltage flash over the situation, then sparks should be greatly weakened, such as two high-pressure flashover or less, indicating failure of the capacitor should be replaced.

45. direction adjust the clutch pedal free travel?
A: The clutch pedal free travel should be 20-30 mm, when the clutch can not be completely separated or spun by friction, that should adjust the clutch pedal free travel. To reduce the pedal free travel, can be spherical rod tightening nut separation, to increase the freedom of travel should loosen the ball close.

46. What is the reason the direction of instability?
A: The steering transmission within the gap is too large. Horizontal rod ball joint wear Songkuang system. Steering knuckle kingpin and bushing with too much space. Songkuang front wheel bearings. Front Wheel Alignment inaccurate.

47. What is the cause heavy steering?
A: The steering heavy reasons: A: Wang, manufacturing rod ball too tight or short run off fat. Knuckle pin and bushing thrust bearings with too tight or the lack of grease. Front Wheel Alignment inaccurate.

48. lack of braking force, braking performance weakened why?
A: The lack of air pressure (air pressure), storage pool of oil in the plane is too low (hydraulic). Pedal free travel is too large.
control valve touching film rupture or depression (pressure type), the master cylinder piston cup oil (hydraulic). Touch the brake chamber or damaged piece (air pressure), wheel cylinder piston cups oil (hydraulic). Control valve exhaust valve seals bad (air pressure). Loose or broken pipe joints leaking pipe or leaking. Brake shoes and brake gap adjustment properly, shoe leather oil or mud on the possession of oil.

49. braking the rear brake does not eliminate the phenomenon of the role and why?
A: drive, when to relax the brake pedal, the braking force but not decreased, after the car can not start or start running hard, for the following reasons: control valve and exhaust valve arm stroke improperly adjusted or broken exhaust valve spring, a rust dirt stuck to the exhaust valve, the valve can not open. Brake chamber push rod out too long or crooked ear stuck. Dirt or brake cam and the cam support shaft bracket on the brake disc axis not committed in a straight line on the card. Four brake shoe spring too soft.
brake shoes and brake drum chamber gap is too small. Brake shoe support underwriting modification or rusted. Indoor water brake (winter ice) and choked the brake chamber diaphragm and so on.

50. brake deviation of the phenomenon and why?
A: braking, the braking effect of the different left and right wheels, the wheels deflect to the side of the following reasons: individual pieces touching broken brake chamber, brake wheel cylinder cups leak oil or trachea, pipeline rupture, leaking joints loose. Individual brake chamber push rod stuck skew or bend. Rust and dirt hysteresis brake camshaft live arm.
around the wheel and brake drum brake shoe gap sizes, friction or contact with different materials is different. Individual wheel brake shoe on the rust off in support of delay and not free to rotate. Individual wheel brake lining or hardening of grease and mud, wear off or even exposed rivets. Park brake drum friction loss of the individual, there are grooves. About uneven tire pressure.

China's top ten events of 2009 anti-monopoly

 Introduction
2009 years have quietly gone on August 1, 2008 implementation known as China's The industry is undergoing a large inventory, Grandfield law firm selected the Summary.
new year, we'll see 2010 China anti-monopoly law governing the process, and your witness in 2010 in China anti-monopoly law in the governance process, bit by bit.
1. the Commerce Department banned Coca-Cola Coca-Cola to buy Huiyuan
the world's largest beverage company, Huiyuan Juice is the largest juice manufacturing group, and in February 2007 listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on September 9 .2008 morning, announced the Hong Kong Stock Exchange: Coca-Cola's The ABN AMRO Asia will represent a wholly owned subsidiary Atlantic Coca-Cola Company to acquire all the shares of Huiyuan Juice, all outstanding convertible bonds and the cancellation of all outstanding options of Huiyuan, a voluntary conditional cash offer. in accordance with the notice, this single involving an amount of 2.4 billion transaction if completed, will become China's food and beverage industry so far the biggest acquisition. an international beverage giant, one of China's market dominant fruit juice industry, the combined strengths of both on the future of China and the world pattern will drink what impact, its significance and weight self-evident.
2009   3   18 Ministry of Commerce issued on Coca-Cola Huiyuan case review of mergers and acquisitions decisions, the Ministry of Commerce official announced that, under the Chinese anti-monopoly law against Coca-Cola acquire Huiyuan.
under the operators participating in the concentration of market share in the relevant market and the market control;
(b) the relevant market, market concentration;
(c) the operator on the market entry, technological progress;
(d) operators on consumers and other business operators;
(e) the operator focused on the impact of national economic development;
(vi) the Huiyuan brand competition in the market for fruit juice impact.
review is concluded, the Ministry of Commerce according to law, conducted a comprehensive assessment of the concentration, focus confirmation will have the following adverse effects:
1, concentration is complete, Coca-Cola Company has the ability to carbonated soft drinks market in dominant position on the transfer to the juice drinks market, they eliminate the existing juice companies, restricting competition and thus harm the legitimate interests of consumers drink.
2, affect the beverage brand is a key factor in effective competition in the market, focus on the completion , the Coca-Cola by controlling the , concentrated fruit juice will make potential competitors, barriers to market access significantly improved.
3, concentrated fruit juice squeezed the domestic small and medium enterprises survive, suppress domestic enterprises to participate in the juice market competition and the ability of independent innovation, give Chinese juice market, adversely affect effective competition is not conducive to China's sustained and healthy development of fruit juice industry.
discuss additional restrictive conditions. In order to reduce the adverse effects identified in the review, the Ministry of Commerce and the Coca-Cola to restrictive conditions attached carried out negotiations. talks, the Commerce Department to review the problems found, requiring Coca-Cola to put forward feasible solutions. Coca-Cola on the Ministry of Commerce expressed their own views the problem and has proposed to modify the initial solution and its programs. After assessment, the Ministry of Commerce that the Coca-Cola competition issues that affect the relief program, still can not effectively reduce the adverse effects of this concentration.
view of the above reasons, according to Ministry of Commerce that the concentration has to eliminate or restrict competition in effect, will be effective competition in the Chinese juice market and juice industry, adversely affect the healthy development. In view of the participating operators did not provide sufficient evidence that focused on competition beneficial effects than negative effects, or to public interests, within the prescribed time, the Coca-Cola Company did not offer viable solutions to reduce adverse effects, therefore, decided to ban the concentration of business operators.
Comments: ( Yang Yang lawyers)
2009, the Commerce Department antitrust review of business concentration 87 filing, the conclusion of 67, most of the unconditional approval, which prohibit 1, the conditional approval of 5 cases.
case for anti- Monopoly Law, the Ministry of Commerce of the first cases of prohibited concentration of undertakings; is so far only one case was prohibited concentration of undertakings. For the practice of learning and guidance.
the decision to prohibit the concentration initial display concentration in the business of antitrust law on the execution. The most notable case is the Ministry of Commerce bold in the review process and Australia learn from the European Commission antitrust agencies in the implementation of practical application of anti-monopoly over the effect such a new thing for the Chinese anti-monopoly law, has great reference value.
addition to conduction effects, the reasons for this focus has been banned include enhanced control to bring the brand's market entry barriers and domestic small and medium the adverse effects of fruit juice business, which reflects the Department of Commerce reported in the treatment of business concentration and consideration of prudence on the comprehensiveness of the problem.
Unfortunately, the Ministry of Commerce of the word itself, apart from a few hundred, compared to Europe reviewed hundreds of pages of law enforcement agencies decide, it is very thin. in the content, notices the lack of the relevant market, market share, key issues such as the strong dominance argument; the evidence, and notice the lack of necessary data to support and economic analysis . particularly in the treatment of The juice market dominance transmitted to the phrase will merge their respective ore operations in Western Australia to set up a joint venture company and each owned 50%. As both the amount of iron ore exports, and accounted for more than 80% of Australia, has constituted a substantial monopoly. and as dependence on imported Australian ore than 40% of Chinese, how to deal with an industry focus.
International Steel Association, China Steel Association, the European steel industry Union, Japan Iron and Steel Union expressed strong opposition.
Department of Commerce that has not received report of two antitrust extension.
Comments: (Liu Shengli lawyers)
outside of China how to deal with a major anti-trust monopoly, antitrust regulation is to merge the two extension, the case in caused extensive discussion community.
According to China's the principle of a requirement too, reflects the effect of extraterritorial jurisdiction that the clause itself is not sufficient to guide practice. turnover within and including at least two operators in the previous fiscal year's turnover in China, as a centralized place or jurisdiction to declare the threshold of the catalyst. a combination of both, making China the implementation of extraterritorial jurisdiction in the antitrust field has been achieved legal basis, but it is only the basis.
provided that they meet the above conditions, the merger will be in the jurisdiction of China. If the declaration can not get Chinese government approval, the consequences would be how? under the existing legal regulation, the Chinese government of refusal may lead to conflict of laws with other countries.
First, many countries to determine the effects of monopoly theory of jurisdiction over the case. When multi-national use of domestic antitrust rules to regulate international economic behavior, the conflict between countries range will be expanded. that jurisdictional disputes will involve issues of national sovereignty or associated with sovereignty. such as the number of relevant national authorities asked to investigate the same transaction. in practice the solution of such conflicts can be extremely complex process . non-management involvement by the state mediation, problem solving is incredible. Second, the so-called extra-territorial effect of the law is real law of the land within the extraterritorial application. But the extraterritorial scope and specification of the legal order may have different standards of justice, The resulting dispute arising out of non-regulated areas of law, conflicts inevitably occur. Once again, the extraterritorial application of antitrust laws because of the conflict may also be differences in national antitrust laws occurred. Finally, some countries due to claims of public law with a strict territorial application of the extraterritorial application of antitrust law negates. So, how do clash? problems first thing to consider in dealing with the legal framework, including the use of domestic conflict of law provisions in a reasonable, bilateral or multilateral international agreements. can not be solved, you must consider international cooperation, international organizations or through the coordination of many countries to deal with.
under the antimonopoly law enforcement agencies in order to stop the implementation of centralized, dispose of shares or assets of the deadline, the deadline to transfer the business and take other necessary measures to restore the state before the concentration can be a fine of fifty million or less. do not report, or a decision of the Chinese government not to execute, how to apply the forty-eight will quite intriguing. Leaving aside how to order the parties to stop the implementation of concentration, the deadline dispose of shares, transfer of business, that alone is a fine of 500,000 yuan indeed like the embroidery needle elephants, really worthy of punishment of the suspect effort.
China's ; two extension more effort.
3. Business Administration issued the provisions of antitrust enforcement in China
2009 SAIC announced the two relevant anti-monopoly law enforcement procedures, namely , abuse of dominant position cases, the procedural requirements to safeguard the country's overall competitive market order and unity. In order to ensure uniform enforcement standards, the antitrust authority to exercise caution, according to Unified Council is responsible for monopoly agreements, abuse of dominant market position's anti-monopoly law enforcement work; the same time, taking into account China's vast area, anti-monopoly law to ensure that nationwide coverage of monopoly agreements, abuse of dominant market position cases, in addition to the total national industrial and commercial needs Council direct the investigation and handling of, the remaining cases according to the form needed for the provincial authority responsible for enforcing the business sector, while the business sector is not authorized by the provincial authority to lower levels again.
addition, under the , abuse of dominant position cases, procedural requirements, status cases the procedural requirements, investigation, terminate the investigation or administrative punishment decision, to the SAIC report; a decision within 10 working days, will be the situation, the relevant decision and the case end of the investigation report submitted to the State Administration for Industry for the record.
industrial and commercial administrative organs to investigate monopoly agreements, abuse of dominant position cases, procedural requirements, to restore the situation and so made a detailed survey requirements to enable execution of the system more clearly. : important evidence should be able to initiate an investigation or a finding of monopoly agreement has played a key role in evidence; the same time, the agreement provides for the organizers of the monopoly does not apply large system. relevant provisions of the law enforcement agencies to facilitate control standards to reduce or waive penalties.
the other hand, management of public affairs organizations, abuse of administrative power to eliminate or restrict competition, the behavior of the prices involved. In general, public authorities and organizations for the abuse of administrative power to eliminate or restrict competition, the superior organ shall order him directly in charge of personnel and other personnel directly responsible shall be punished. The business sector is only responsible for enforcing the right of authorities to be investigated and dealt with the higher authorities recommending treatment.
the introduction of the regulations added some details of the regulations, for example, the total State Administration for Industry Bureau under the State Council departments, the provincial government abuse of administrative power to exclude or restrict competition, according to the law can be made to the recommendations of the State Council; of laws and regulations authorized to administer the national public affairs organization abuse of administrative power to eliminate or restrict competition, State Administration for Industry and for managing the organization's authority to make recommendations according to law.
Comments: (Yu Fei Law)
since August 1, 2008 Bureau has received more than 40 reports from about monopolistic behavior, but only a few cases of them began a preliminary investigation, the lack of enforcement rules is one of the obstacles. the introduction of the two procedural requirements, the provisions to make up for the program shortage.
antitrust enforcement has a strong legal, professional and complexity. based on prerequisite. For example, systems, and reports, filing system; clearly stated that Agreement large system operators who promise, time limits for monopoly cases the specific provisions, has its distinctive features, with the relevant provisions of other laws and regulations there is a big difference, to a certain extent, anti-monopoly Pianyu the implementation and operation of substantive law. < br> However, due to departmental interests entangled, ; abuse of dominant market position effectiveness of law enforcement.
addition, the superior authority to the relevant recommendations made according to law, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce and Industry Bureau at the provincial level was not only provides a clear right to make recommendations.
4. State Anti-Monopoly Commission published br> 2009 年 7 7, the State Anti-Monopoly Committee published the basic concepts, the fundamental basis for defining the relevant market, the general method and the hypothetical monopolist test the basic ideas and made a number of practical issues important guiding provisions. goods or services (hereinafter collectively referred to as products) to compete in the product scope and geographic scope. in anti-monopoly law enforcement practice, usually need to define the relevant product market and relevant geographic market. Meanwhile, the relevant market should also consider factors such as timing and technical. fundamental basis. Meanwhile, the , prices and other factors of demand substitution, supply substitution analysis when necessary. In a competitive market operators is unclear or difficult to determine the scope, you can in accordance with the .
Comments: (Wei Shi Lin lawyers)
China's the basis of status and does not provide specific details of defining the relevant market. the absence of defining the relevant market would bring anti-trust law enforcement more difficult and may result in antitrust decisions and the referee between the different conflicting court. scientific and reasonable definition of the relevant market, identify competitors and potential competitors, market share and operators to determine market concentration, determined the operator's market position, analyzing the behavior of operators of the impact of competition on the market to determine illegality of the operator and the liability to be key issues, has an important role. Content provided antitrust guidance document. but in Europe and America more detailed guidance on the relevant market definition or requirements compared to the lack of a defined steps and procedures of the provisions of clarity, especially for determining the benchmark price, SSNIP in the price increase, evidence collection and access to, use of two alternative choices of the key points of operation have yet to complete more detailed requirements to be refined.
5. China Mobile for the first time the original defendants involved in antitrust litigation settlement
Zhou Ze as a consumer of China Mobile Group Beijing Co., Ltd. and China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. (together, charges equal to its terms of trade with other trading partners to implement discriminatory practices, and refund the last two years to receive the the original case, the defendant reached a settlement the two sides. China Mobile agreed to turn Zhou Ze portability does not charge monthly fees for mobile communications services and to > Comments:
since the implementation of this anti-monopoly law, the domestic monopoly monopoly case the respondent, the plaintiff's first antitrust case to get compensation. nationally recognized suspects largest railway monopoly, telecommunications, oil, automotive and software 5 large bear the brunt of the anti-monopoly industry. telecommunication industry regulation and antitrust monopoly issue has been a hot issue. dominance: an operator's market share in the relevant market to one in two; the two operators in the relevant market reaches two-thirds of the total market share; the three operators in the relevant market to reach a quarter of the total market share ter. .
If you can break the monopoly of the telecommunications market, truly free competition, for the users, the most immediate change is the reduction or waiver of various charges. but mostly state-owned telecommunications industry capital, has a natural monopoly advantage of the telecommunications industry and anti-monopoly road is long and far.
6. The Commerce Department said, included in revenue from sales made detailed provisions.
reporting obligations on the people, concentration of business operators from obtaining control or can exert a decisive influence operator declaration, to be with other operators, and impact of competition in the instructions; (c) focus on agreement and related documents; (d) of the participating operators by accounting firms for the previous fiscal year financial reports; (e) required by the Ministry of Commerce and other documents and materials.
on the verification of application materials, in pay. declarer overdue pay, and as undeclared. day written notice to be placed on file and the applicant. documents, information deemed necessary by the review of the case on file shall be in accordance with the and submit filings to the public version of the data and confidential version. declarer should return documents and materials of the trade secrets and other confidential information marked. review before the talks and the declaration in the commercial secrets and other confidential information obligation of confidentiality. withdrawal, statements and arguments of the parties, public hearings, objections, restrictive conditions, such obligations of confidentiality made specific provisions.
on the review body, monopoly review of law enforcement agencies, undertake to receive and review the specific concentration of undertakings reporting law enforcement. declared concentration of business operators to withdraw, it shall submit a written application and give reasons. Aside from abandoning the centralized trading situations, the declaration shall be withdrawn by consent of the Ministry of Commerce. withdraw declared concentration of business operators to review the program to terminate. the Commerce Department agreed to withdraw the declaration is not as the approval of the concentration. matters of written statements, representations, the Ministry of Commerce shall hear the statements and arguments of the parties. parties and the hearing will make provision for the procedure.
on the opposition, inform the participating operators, and set a focus on the operators allowed to participate in the defense to submit comments in writing a reasonable time period. reduce operating concentration has or may have excluded the effect of restricting competition, the participating operators can make adjustments to the program on the centralized trading restrictive conditions performance of, and supervision and inspection and other specific provisions made.
addition, the obligation of confidentiality of information. development of the situation .2008 August 3, reporting and review of the concentration operation does not increase the specific issues involved to enable operators to focus on more detailed areas of the development of supporting regulations is inevitable. aspects of business concentration basic system supporting regulations, for the concentration of standard management reporting and review of the antitrust significance.
approach The specific provisions made on various issues, both involving the meaning and calculation of the turnover, the contents of the application materials issues such entities, including the hearing procedures will be held in procedural issues, enabling operators to focus on the basic reporting and review do the rules to follow.
effect depends on the implementation of antitrust law the gradual implementation of the standards clear and refined, to play the role of any law enforcement aspects of the ultimate need to be implemented. Therefore, the two approaches as an anti-monopoly law enforcement agencies earlier issued a strong supporting operational law, not only played a set standard, detailed procedures for the role, more importantly, will advance antitrust enforcement has legal basis to carry out the situation. Meanwhile, with the concentration of business operators the lead in developing the field of supporting regulations, monopoly agreements and abuse of market dominant position and supporting the introduction and improvement of laws and regulations will lead to wider attention, I believe that the establishment of China's antitrust law system, a sound will be just around the corner, and ultimately anti-monopoly law in the China's economic development process to play its due role.
7. Beijing the first sentence from the anti-trust lawsuit to define Open trial court sentenced the plaintiff for all information services Tangshan Co., Ltd. (Tangshan all companies) v. accused Baidu Beijing Network Technology Limited (Baidu's) monopoly dispute, the decision rejected the plaintiffs for all Information Services Ltd. in Tangshan the claim.
All offered medical network in the July 10, 2008 plunged the daily visits, the former day 2961IP plummeted as 701IP. query Google and Baidu on the national medical network included, the results included in its website, Google shows 6690, while Baidu only four included on its website. All information company that has been a national medical network and malicious shielding Baidu blocked. Baidu's ban is based on its dominant market position available, their behavior is the abuse of dominant market position, violation of the Baidu will rank bids were censored Yuefa, completely set up.
Beijing Intermediate Court for a hearing that all evidence of the information held company Baidu has a monopoly position can not be proved. In addition, even if Baidu has a monopoly, antitrust laws . Therefore, the court dismissed the claims of all information company.
Comments: (Wei Shi Lin lawyers)
case is the not only from the perspective of judicial practice of had a very careful exploration of the future of private anti-monopoly law has a major impact implementation.
in antitrust litigation, by the ...

The challenge of transformation of China's economic model

 The challenge of transformation of China's economic model
Chen Zhiwu (Yale University professor of financial economics)
Today I talk about the current topic of concern to everyone, especially the financial crisis, Chinese scholars, decision-making is also supported by all very concerned about China's future direction, social how to? economic how to do? in the economy, over the past years, China's economy depends mainly on investment, especially by government investment driven. by the investment-driven future, resulting in many manufacturing and production of energy (production) . After so much production capacity to rely on export markets of the entire production chain in China is rising, manufacturing plants in this way to provide sales channel.
But there is a problem in the past patterns of economic growth on the export of dependence on investment so high, how long can continue? This is what many academics and the industry is talking about the topic. Over the past ten years, many people called, including the Development and Reform Commission also called for many years, the transition to change the reliance on investment growth , export-dependent status of the transition must be adjusted. But about a decade, until now, not only did not reduce dependence on the contrary increased. Why? in particular the impact of the financial crisis, more to force us to think about this question: Why mention a decade, expressed desire for a dozen years, but so far not only failed to reduce reliance on exports, investment dependence, but also a lot worse? understood in terms of basic system, to see why the state-owned economy as long as China or as the main body (especially the state-owned assets and state-owned land, etc.), or unchecked to the right to tax, as long as the government continues to play a leading role in the economy, then, the economy growth mode transition will be very difficult to express this desire, but in the end is very difficult to achieve.
Specifically, I want to answer the following four questions:
first question: Why is it difficult to consumption of the Chinese economy driven model transformation, and can only continue to rely on investment, export-dependent?
second question: Why China, GDP growth rate if less than 8% to work? large to small levels of government in the pursuit of the most important goal is to ensure 8. Why is China so important to Paul 8? If you are an economist with other countries or people or government officials to say, in China must have 8% GDP growth rate, most people will be very much wonder, if the United States, the annual growth rate of Two Three per cent is high, and it will make the entire American society is thriving. But in China, to 8% to be able to generate enough jobs , so that people feel enough growth, why is it so? Last year I was in Guangzhou NetEase's chief operating officer with at lunch, he asked me the same question. I said: you put GDP growth in China with other private market economy, GDP growth make a direct comparison before the general growth rate of GDP in China should be first divided by 2, can make a direct comparison, or can not be directly compared. I then I will explain why.
The third question: This is actually related with the second question, why is the Chinese people's income growth rate is always slower than the GDP growth rate, that is, we can feel the economic growth of official GDP growth rate is not so high, why ?
fourth question: Why should the growth rate of 8% or more to generate enough employment opportunities, including graduate students here, graduated to have enough work for everyone to choose? why the Chinese GDP, employment growth can bring so low, generally lower than other countries?
me today to do for these four questions to answer.
past experiences
First of all, I want to stress that China, as state-dominated economy, the contribution made over the past 30 years, is still positive overall, a set of data which can be seen from .1980 year, the EU's GDP is almost 28% of global GDP, accounting for 22% of the U.S. China was only around 4%, although China's population has accounted for 20% of the global population .1980 or more years after the fastest economic growth in China, from 1980 to 4% of total world GDP, by 2006 rose to 16%, 3 times during the turn. Japan in 1980, when its share of world GDP of 8.5%, but decreased in 2006 to 6%, because the Japanese during this period, in addition to the rapid growth in other 1980m1990 after 1990 is basically a downward trend going down.
So, over the past 30 years, significant achievements in reform and opening up, of course, there are many reasons behind it. One of them told me about the theme of today's most relevant causes is that in the past 30 years, the state-owned system, indeed it is easy for the Government to mobilize resources, and big construction projects, particularly in infrastructure, as well as large industrial base, government investment capacity is very high indeed, to implement a If you're going to mobilize resources, like the United States as a very well-developed capital market to mobilize, otherwise it will be difficult to build large projects. But India is not relying on either side in a similar state. It is not very developed capital markets, not do as much as the U.S. capital market pooling of resources, mobilization of resources, difficult to mobilize billions of dollars, billions of dollars to develop large infrastructure projects or large manufacturing industries; it through the government such as China can not mobilization, because India is not a state system. comparison, India is not very developed capital markets, and no state ownership arrangements to mobilize resources to the Government brought this convenience, therefore, India's infrastructure, industrial infrastructure may be compared with China to be worse.
I went to Brazil last October, when a chat with the taxi driver, he said: When the Brazilian government money, not to think of their airports, highways and other infrastructure to do, but is thinking about how this money distributed to the people, sent people to spend. I told him: the reverse is true in China, the Chinese government money, the first thought is not to the people made money, but where to build a few towers with a few more beautiful building or construction of highway overpass or the railways. Therefore, the two different institutional arrangements, bringing the expenditure, consumption, investment structure are radically different, which is why we will study When not just learn economics, political science has learned a lot, and other disciplines.
So, over the past 30 years, the state of resources, control of production has brought some benefits. However, its negative effects there are many, and today even the negative consequences than positive, this mode so that the whole economy is too large preference for infrastructure, industrial construction, etc., so that economy is too dependent on investment. This model should not and can not last forever. because After all, the purpose of economic development not only for construction, more importantly, the ultimate happiness of man. Of course, I know the older the Chinese people, the more will equate development with the building, and then again with the investment of economic development , with the expansion of production capacity such as to equate. This is a very one-sided.
we can think about, when you see a newspaper headline mm , your first reaction to this, understanding what will? I think you may immediately think of: to build many factories, to build a lot of capacity and building, to do more investment! but in my opinion, when the production capacity up to a certain level, at least not exactly equal to the economic development of the expansion of production capacity, and more around the life of happiness, the expansion around the consumer space, and in particular the deepening financial transactions. In other words, state control over this production, production resources, control of capital, do these big projects, do investment in infrastructure, capacity expansion, so a certain time, have to slow down, the focus of development must be transferred. After all, economic development is not intended to cover an infinite number buildings, nor is it infinitely more to build infrastructure, or an infinite number of plant, the ultimate goal is to maximize the well-being around people. mm to maximize the goal of happiness, to think carefully in the food and clothing to resolve after not entirely happy with the goal of maximizing production capacity, linked with the investment, when investment to achieve a certain scale, this pattern must change.
, of course, the reason why over the past 30 years, through continuous investment, continue to build infrastructure to continuously expand production capacity to develop the economy, can continue to grow, a critical reason is that globalization has brought the expansion of market scope, so that Chinese products sell to all parts of the world. But now, in the background of the global financial crisis , we find that the original export growth is not without limit, not unlimited continue, but today, let the share of exports to the rise in many overseas has become increasingly difficult.
So, today, even without the economic crisis, China's economic model has reached a bottleneck in mouth, to a turning point not selected. achievements of reform and opening up 30 years behind, but also hides a lot of problems, especially today, we have to turn to face the problems of these basic systems. These problems in the end is What?
higher the proportion of state-owned economy, private consumption grew more slowly
we look at some of the data, first in China, private consumption, household consumption over the years that the percentage of GDP, how much? government expenditure and GDP, is how high? In other words, the total private consumption divided by the annual GDP, government expenditure to do the same calculation, and then look at the changes between the two tracks. Then, before the nationalization in 1952 that China's private consumption is equivalent to 69% of GDP at that time, we say that Americans are too fond of money, but the United States, the equivalent of today's GDP, private consumption is 71%, so with the China 1952 GDP, private consumption is basically the same. Of course I want to stress , when the Chinese economy is more productive for food and clothing away, engaged in economic activities, therefore, almost all of the income is to wear around the room and board. Therefore, when the ratio of private consumption and the overall GDP is very high can understand. But in 1978, when the proportion of GDP, private consumption fell to about 45%, continued to decline in 1993 to 42%, until recently, private consumption fell to the equivalent of 35% of GDP. In other words, the past fifty years, the planned economy and reform and opening period, the proportion of GDP, private consumption has shown a downward trend.
with the corresponding proportion of private consumption, government expenditure in 1952, GDP, government consumption 16% to 30% recently rose to about doubled.
Therefore, we generally see two trends in China over the past six years, the proportion of GDP, private consumption fell in a straight line, and GDP, government spending is soaring, and these two trends, whether planned economy, or the period of reform and opening up have not changed, this is the situation in China. Why?
to see more clearly, we can compared with other countries. For example, the United States from 1952 to 2004, GDP, private consumption increased from 65% in the beginning to the nearest 71%, so the United States over the past fifty years, private consumption is rising in general, of course, The speed is very slow. because in the end, if we as a percentage measure of any thing, the highest number? 100%, no matter how you rise, the final should not exceed the GDP of 100% level. the United States government consumption in 1952 When that time with China about the relative level, equivalent to 16% of GDP, to the recent U.S. government spending-GDP dropped to between 10m11%. Thus, the United States, the trend is that private consumption increasing relative to the level of GDP high, and government consumption declining slowly, from the original 16%, down to the present level of almost 10%, this is the case of the United States.
Perhaps we are too rich that the United States, China can not be compared with. then we look at Brazil, because Brazil is China's per capita GDP twice though, but it is much lower than the United States. Brazil in 1950, private consumption is equivalent to 51% of GDP, private consumption in 2003 rose to 60% of GDP, In 2001 and 2002 are 64m65% or so. So, the Brazilian GDP, private consumption, the overall trend is gradually increased over the past fifty years, of course, is that the middle years, due to the impact of financial crisis, but the general trend is the increasing private consumption. In 1950, government consumption is equivalent to 22% of GDP, or to maintain the 2003 level of 22%, so the proportion of private consumption in Brazil increasing, not overall government consumption how they change, this is the case in Brazil.
Russia in 1991-92 after the reform is broadly similar with the Brazil In 1991, the Russian GDP, private consumption accounts for 35%, that is, before the shock treatment to Russia, the private consumption similar to today's China, but now, this proportion rose to 55%. Government spending had accounted for 25%, now accounts for 22% of GDP. Therefore, the case of Russia, with Brazil, with the general trend is the same as the United States, and its civil increasing the proportion of consumption in the economy, but government consumption either flat or declining.
fact, I can tell you to see the data in many countries, but because of the time, not to talk about the data in more countries was. But if you do analysis of each country, you will find the following two conclusions:
First: In a democratic constitutional state, because the tax authority and the right of the government budget constraints of democratic constitutional system, government consumption relative GDP expansion in the proportion of hard, difficult to control. This is why we have just seen in Brazil, the United States, Russia, Japan, have shown that the basic common ground, the government consumption share of GDP, or not very changed, or is going down This constitutional democracy with the constraints of power, especially the right to tax the constraints of a great relationship.
second, compared with the state-owned economy, the private market economy, it enables the simultaneous growth of private consumption as the economy. This is Why do we have to see these countries, each country's share of private consumption relative to GDP over the past fifty years, the trend is rising, Russia is so after 1991.
course, you may think Maybe I give you to see these data reflect only the situation in these countries is a result of my selection of a special case of some exceptions. In order to illustrate not the case, from the perspective of doing research, in addition to other cases, we should go to collect the samples as large as possible, to do a systematic analysis.
To answer this question, I told the students how happy water to 70 different countries, the data together, first in 1980, according to each country when the state-owned enterprises GDP, the proportion of output, divided into five equal parts from high to low groups, each consisting of 14 countries, and then to see from 1980 to 2003 in these countries the growth rate of private consumption, who high who is low? In other words, growth of a country's GDP by one percentage point each, the number of percentage points in private consumption will grow? GDP growth rate of the sensitivity of how high? For example, the lowest proportion of state-owned enterprises (3%) of the first group of countries, in these 14 countries, GDP growth rate of private consumption on the sensitivity was 0.97, meaning that the private economy in these countries, GDP increased by one percentage point each, the people's consumption will increase 0.97%. So, these five groups of countries is essentially like this: The higher the proportion of the national state-owned economy, the growth of private consumption and GDP growth based on this factor lower, the lowest was 0.82, that is, the highest proportion of state-owned economy of this group of countries, their GDP growth by one percentage point each, civil consumption increased by only 0.82% of the people. Of course, the highest proportion of China's state-owned economy that group.
So, from 70 countries of the situation, the state-owned enterprises, state assets, high proportion of the economy, the more people will be suppressed income, private consumption suppressed.
why the suppression of state ownership in private consumption?
from an academic, why the higher the proportion of the social state-owned economy, private consumption is relatively lower growth rate? Why is that? If you are familiar with modern economic optimization model of consumption and investment budget, then the model has a basic assumption that your personal and family every day in deciding how much to spend, how much money you can save, you have two incomes, one is labor income is wages, with the labor-related income; the second important source of income is income from assets is capital appreciation, or the type of wealth, property type income. when we see a major asset if the wealth of society as a whole, property rights are private, then, that private land, resources, buildings, stocks, etc., all of these investments and non-value-added investment products can be reflected in each individual, the family's consumption and investment budget constraints, you can go directly to the people calculations of the daily expenses, this is the case of private ownership of state.
However, if state ownership, the difference is to big, because the state-owned assets, the state-owned enterprises, state-owned shares, their value more, despite the name that each national individuals have a can in fact feel free to ask an ordinary Chinese person, asked him: crazy! thousand dollars of their own wealth, a three person family in the middle of thousands of dollars of wealth 3. Therefore, any time the oil price up 10%, the wealth of almost every Chinese person has increased by $ 100! If this is the case of private ownership If each person in the direct ownership of their own oil stock, then added later, there will be a lot of people immediately went to the restaurant to eat a meal, the ladies could buy a nice dress, right? In other words, , if it is private ownership, those in the oil, Sinopec, Bank of China, Industrial and Commercial Bank of equity wealth and so on can be converted to private income, private consumption. you know, according to market value, ICBC, CCB and Bank of China today is a global ranking of the top three banks, but no matter how high the value of these banks, more appreciation, more appreciation in the oil, nor will any one of the Chinese people a sense of new revenue immediately, bringing new spending or re- desire to invest, because we all know that the appreciation of state assets, with me every day how much money to spend, how much can be saved, there is no relationship. because the current arrangements for public ownership in the name of the whole people, but in fact no one has . So, we decided to spend every day how much money, how much memory, it does not, can not be counted come the appreciation of state assets.
However, in countries where private ownership does not have this problem. In 1998, 1999, 2000, the United States during the Internet bubble, we guess the U.S. was how high the growth rate of GDP? highest when only 4%. However, in the United States, 4% of the GDP growth rate to give the consumer society, thriving extent than China 8%, 10% of the GDP growth rate brought about by the even higher level of prosperity. Why is that? one very important reason, is in private ownership, the way people share the benefits of growth in addition to labor income, there is property income, there is asset appreciation benefits. According to my rough calculations, the magnitude of the U.S. stock market rose almost every year GDP growth rate about three times. In other words, private ownership arrangement, with the GDP by 3% , 4% growth rate, labor income people also by almost 3%, 4% annual rate of growth, but equally important, even more importantly, their assets which may be on private property that a 9% m12% the rate of appreciation, dividend income, there are many assets. With the growth of the two revenue streams to share a channel of labor income, a wealth of assets channels, two channels through which growth of the GDP, according to amplify the effect of three to four times household consumption of great people driving force, so in countries where private ownership, not 8%, 10% economic growth, social still able to flourish!
It is due to the above mentioned state-owned block The channel property income people in our GDP growth rate of the Chinese national GDP growth rate of private property to do with the comparison before, in general China's GDP growth rate should be first divided by two, and then we can compare, or not the same thing. The reason is that China's GDP growth on the role of people of basic consumption growth is only a single channel through which labor income, wealth, value-added of state-owned system of this channel is sealed.
these years, China's land value so much, but the land nominally collectively owned, but in fact, the operational level of national ownership, the land value through financial or other means of land into a local government and the central government can spend money. of course, not to mention the oil, petrochemical, China Mobile and other trillion yuan of profits on the year, these could have been transferred to the pockets of ordinary people, but in the present circumstances, the transfer of the channel is sealed. Of course, many friends will say, if, as now the stock market and assets are shrinking, when people do not directly own these assets to avoid financial crisis is not more risk? because they shrink is borne by the state, these losses are not borne directly by the people. However, we must see that, although the property will be depreciation, but in the petroleum, petrochemical, and other values today or tens of thousands of yuan, the people will not have these options certainly do not shrink the face of the property, but not with those values. Moreover, whether the United States or other countries in the long term an appreciating asset.
in China, why it is difficult private consumption growth?
just mentioned may be relatively more abstract, based on a large sample of 70 countries analyzed, there is a defect, is always felt less specific. In a country where state-owned enterprises, state-owned economy, as well as constitutional democracy or constitutional democracy, in the end is to hinder the private income, private consumption? To be clear, let's look at the specific situation in China, see special constitutional democracy is right to tax and budget constraints or not having the right to restrict, in what way the final private consumption growth inhibition. then one is state ownership arrangements, and why it will further hamper growth in private consumption?
start with the perspective of income Look, it is to see the annual national income, according to the three groups of points, which the government, urban residents and farmers of three groups, which groups a share of the largest groups which share from growth to a minimum? We know China's current tax base is not the right to control by the National People's Congress, but by the administrative departments have, almost all departments to have the right to introduce new taxes or new fees species, can also be constraints on the existing situation without taxes continue to increase tax rates, including stamp duty on stock transactions.
Then, in the constitutional level, the tax has been given the right to unfettered in the end the three groups of Chinese society in general? the distribution of income among them, what impact ? from 1995 to 2007, after deducting the impact of inflation, only the tax revenue to the State budget 5.7 times doubled, not including land sales, the income of local and central budget! and the per capita of urban residents disposable income increased 1.7 times during the same period, per capita net income of farmers increased by only 1.2 times.
Thus, in the absence of constitutional democracy, the Government assigned the proportion of national income, by the Government to cut the cake to this one, in the past 12 years, constantly expanding. This necessarily means that the people assigned to this piece is getting smaller and smaller. the fruits of economic growth away from the government the most, followed by urban residents, the bad, to share At least the farmers.
another point of view we can expand the size of government out of control trend. that is, relative to the size of government finance income people is in the end be? like us to do research, particularly in macroeconomic encounter data, make people feel too abstract, you say how much additional government revenue or GDP, disposable income of urban residents increased the number, etc., these figures for the individual abstract. In order to avoid too abstract, I put the Government's annual budget fiscal year revenue divided by disposable income of the people, to see how much government revenue to support the income of the people had.
order to have a comparison object, we need to ask, in Chinese history, the court's income is equal to How many people income? For example, the Qing dynasty Qianlong period (Kangxi and Qianlong Well), the court how much tax revenue a year? 1766, the court's financial and tax 49.37 million ounces of silver. was in Beijing about a month of ordinary artisans earn 2 two silver, two-year 24. This calculation, when the fiscal year the Qing Dynasty is equivalent to 2.05 million tax annual income of Beijing craftsmen, almost is 2.05 million Beijing craftsmen can support all aspects of the Qianlong court costs.
Today, governments of other countries be? In 2007, the U.S. federal government tax revenue (excluding local governments) is 2.5 trillion U.S. dollars, divided by the current U.S. per capita disposable income, which is equivalent to 85 million American people that year's disposable Income .8500 million Americans income can support the federal government. relative to China's Emperor Qianlong court, now the U.S. government is indeed big, big, because the court from the 2.05 million Qianlong Beijing's income can feed it! then again, most of the time the Qing Dynasty, the state tax revenue gross national income is only about 3% m5%, that time is a real sense of is so authoritarian, so feudal, how do you say, how cursed are good, but take a look at these figures, the original that time is truly a model of small government. Of course, not the Qianlong court did not want to abuse of power to more money, but at that time collection very difficult. We all know that food is transported through the canal so hard, you have to charge more money, easier said than done it! But now tax collection easier, especially with the computer, you escape also can not escape, it also illustrates the government's tax capacity, transport capacity than ever before, the constraints of constitutional democracy the right to tax by how important it!
I often say that the reason why constitutional democracy is in human society modern things, not accidental. For example, the first truly establish a democratic constitutional government is the United Kingdom, it was only after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to complete the historical process. So, to have the 1688 first democratic constitutional state, and most of We are familiar with democratic countries, it is only appeared after World War II.
can think about, why is this? constitutional democracy is so recent human phenomenon, the technological revolution with the development of human relations is very great. For example, Qianlong period, I have talked about the tax share of national income 3% m5%, then even though the court free to increase taxes, but the modern means of transport at that time had not, computer technology is not. So, no trains, cars, planes of these means of transport support, unchecked powers to the private interests, to the people can form a threat to property is also very limited. disguised protection, there is a lack of means of communication, it also disguised the private interests of the people, property and civil young girls to better protected.
But now with trains, cars, airplanes, tons of ship, but also have the Internet age, tax capacity, the ability to move the transport interests of the people is really unprecedented it! you can not get away to escape it! this time, the democratic constitutional power to bind up the need for the government, at any time in history, compared with comparison, are much higher. because you do not bind the powers of a little, so little power play, abuse, then benefits to the people impact and injury can constitute an unprecedented high. This is why not only in China, in almost all other countries, constitutional democracy is in the last two hundred years, even decades to become the common aspiration of the society.
many of us that democracy and freedom, constitutional democracy, is not always the Chinese tradition, Chinese culture is very compatible with . I want to say, constitutional democracy is not only the Chinese tradition, nor is any country in the world, the tradition of the past. No country in 1688 before the operation, there really good, modern sense of the democratic constitutional system. At this time, If we do not pay attention a little, it is easy to be blinded by the words of some scholars, they say, there is no constitutional democracy in China has always been, so no need to have the future. Imagine also, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, etc. are not of constitutional democracy, but these people will not tell you, not only in China is so in the past all the world countries do not have democracy and freedom, there is no constitutional government. We must take into account the transportation technology, means of communication and the mobilization of people's property and the flesh and blood ability to look at these things must be relative to the power of democracy and the constraints of the need.
see Qianlong imperial court and the United States the size of government in 2007, we look at from 1978 to 2007 changes in the size of the Chinese government, State tax revenue equal to the number of urban residents in each year's income? 1978, the state tax revenue is equivalent to 300 million 3 year thousands of urban residents in disposable income. that time is the all-around administration, at least for urban people , work, child education, health care, retirement, pension, housing, etc., these packages down by the state, because of this, so we should reform. With the deepening of reform and opening up to the 1994, 1995, tax revenue is equivalent to 100 000 000 5 thousands of disposable income of urban residents. From this sense, the relative size of government in the reform and opening up the first phase, is reduced by half, cut half, but that is far greater than the income of only 205 million people the scale of the Qianlong court can provide more than twice the U.S. government.
However, the 1995 tax reform, direct effect is to enable the Government to get from the share of national income to re-scale recovery. So to 2007, State tax revenue rose to the equivalent of 300 million 7 of millions of urban residents income, bigger than in 1978. From 1978 to mid-90s, the implementation of the reforms are indeed moving towards the direction of small government; however, from 90 the mid-started forward again to big government; the recent impact of the financial crisis, the Government increased spending and investment spending, increase the size of government once again.
relative to net income of farmers in terms of the 1978 State tax revenue equal to the current 800 million 5 million of net income of farmers; 1996, the equivalent of 300 million 8 million net income of farmers, by 2007 the figure was 1.2 billion net income of 3 million farmers.
so , the right to tax is not controlled in the hands of elected representatives of the people, but by the hands of the executive branch, the result is taxed out of control, and the trend is getting worse. I know that many scholars, especially economists, very fond of saying that China should strengthen tax, increasing tax revenue in China to make that tax increase as possible. This is of course the Treasury happy. In particular, many scholars recently ...

I still trust Alexa

 Alexa ranking algorithm each time a large-scale adjustment, there will be a number of their colors cheating site's ranking, followed by questions and accusations that the industry is the Alexa ranking mm questioned the accuracy of those accused of cheating websites is the lack of integrity. However, due to cheating on the side, the so-called critics and some of these sites are always more or less the interests of the association, so the accusations of cheating is never minced, even yelled ruthless, and also will be said to be the other gunman site. contrary Alexa separated by vast oceans, no matter how cursed it, it will not come to defend himself, over time, Alexa became the target of public opinion in the industry.
So, even though Alexa's algorithm for each adjustment are actually technological progress, but progress no one cheered, but also ripped off a lot of people as a fig leaf, the total can cause the industry outrage. Take the recent adjustment of the algorithm point of view, up to two weeks, many well-known sites have been affected the rankings, including some long-term addiction to cheat the company, but many people believe that Alexa ranking is the culprit, but the site that looks like cheating as a last resort it, seemed very aggrieved.
2004 years, I was interviewed for the domestic technology leader Alexa cheating, and later gradually come into contact with a lot of cheating master the rules of these rebels of the Alexa Alexa attitude was, I was surprised that they Almost without exception, expressed to me the admiration and the admiration of Alexa!
these people think that Alexa is a very respected technology companies, although they have been looking for ways to drill the technical loopholes Alexa, but Alexa never not really been thoroughly defeated mm intervals, Alexa's algorithm will be updated, some cheating sites will be ranked in Alexa abandoned in the new, these people have to study new methods of cheating, and then seen through by Alexa, and then find new ways to cheat this game so hh continuously carrying.
fact, no matter from which point of view, Alexa Internet is a great company mm this company, colleagues in the global Internet industry maintains the third-party traffic monitoring ranking table, only this one thing has always insisted, almost every quarterly update on the algorithm, despite efforts to keep struggling but the evolution of Internet technology. the site as a real cause of traffic analysis to do, ten years, Alexa has been only persisted to this insistence is enough to awe the people.
Every time I ask to those who cheat master Is there more than the Alexa site ranking tool Kaopu, they would tell me, Alexa is the only option. If we can more deeply understand the Alexa, it can be a great tool. In fact, whenever I further understanding of Alexa, it is even more true in this world there is no better than Alexa traffic with the public comparative analysis of third-party tool.
so-called value not only reflected in the rankings. From 2003 to now, Alexa has been my main tool of one of the different sites. For those who question the Alexa ranking, I just want to tell them that tool is the tool, neither good nor bad, The key is to see you have mastered the characteristics of tools, will not properly use it. those who scorn Alexa ranking of the Why do they never thought about what the But like a thief is to prove the existence of a safe deposit box are not insured banks, is a more logical do not fly. In fact, even if Alexa's algorithm does not adjust, we can still provide public data by Alexa to analyze a site is suspected of cheating, but most people do not experience large-scale website promotion, it is only smoke and mirrors for Alexa.
really had combat experience in large-scale website promotion, will not lightly Alexa's data, such as many domestic personal website owners and those who like to ponder the network marketing department staff, who for the changes of Alexa data from the first line has the experience, sum up these experiences, we can know what kind of Alexa data is normal, what kind of performance is the possibility of cheating, an experienced expert on the Alexa data can be done to determine more than 90% accurate. After all, are just some of the people in question lay Alexa, This does not affect the real experts who continue to use Alexa as an analytical tool.
compared to those operating in the black box in the other types of rankings, I would like to believe has insisted for a decade and has been publicly ranked rules Alexa, can survive in the Internet industry competitors ten years without being replaced, Alexa's presence certainly has its facts
(Note: This article published in the September 7, >